also Common Test Political Economy Notes
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Since clarity is important, let’s put everything on this page for now.
- We can break it down later if we feel like it.
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- words
- Arche: fundamental principle
- Atelos: evaluation axis
- people
- by position
- Sophists
- People who teach persuasive rhetoric
- Examples: Gorgias, Protagoras
- Focus on the artificial nomos
- Sociology, humanities-like
- Relativism that does not recognize absolute values
- Protagoras
- No objective truth, relativism
- Man is the measure of all things
- Socrates
- Ignorance is knowledge
- Humble type
- Aims to live well and pursue the evaluation axis of goodness = Atelos
- Not relativism
- Rather than giving truth, he draws out knowledge through dialogue
- Crito is a friend who turns dialogues into books
- Natural philosophers
- Reject mythical worldviews and establish rational worldviews through logic
- Physics, science-like
- Not relativism
- Thales
- Water is the Arche, fundamental principle
- Pythagoras
- Mathematics is the Arche
- Heraclitus
- Fire is the Arche
- Everything flows
- Democritus
- Empedocles
- Natural philosophy, advocates the four elements (earth, wind, fire, air)
- Parmenides
- Criticizes the idea of everything flowing and being generated and destroyed
- What exists always exists
- Anaximander
- The infinite (To Apeiron) is the Arche
- Reject mythical worldviews and establish rational worldviews through logic
- Sophists
- Plato and Aristotle
- Plato
- Disciple of Socrates
- Founded the Academy school
- Three Parts of the Soul theory
- Reason Spirit Desire
- When reason controls the others, it becomes ”harmony” and becomes virtue
- Applied a similar structure to the image of the state in the Philosopher-King theory
- Philosophers who know what is good and right should rule politically
- The ruling class that has acquired wisdom should rule the defending and producing classes
- -> Justice as a virtue in the entire state
- Pursued the pursuit of universal Ideas while being aware of relativity and variability
- Ideas are not generated or destroyed, they can be grasped by reason
- In fact, the soul originally existed in the world of Ideas, so it is correct to say that it is remembered
- The motivation to want to remember is Eros
- If you know the Ideas, the soul is liberated from the imperfect body
- Aristotle
- Grand-disciple of Socrates
- Humans are political animals
- Humans are truly human only within the polis
- Justice
- Partial justice
- General justice
- Existence
- Virtue
- Intellectual virtue
- Consciously recognize the truth
- Moral virtue
- Since it is difficult to control desires with reason alone, make temperance a habit (habituation)
- Striving for moderation leads to moral virtue
- Both are important (just knowing or just habituating is not enough)
- Intellectual virtue
- The highest good is happiness
- Can be achieved through contemplative life
- Purely enjoy the activity of reason, practical matters are not important
- Plato
- Thought during the Hellenistic period
- words
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- A way of society based on Logos domination.
- Everyone is the same because they all possess the same reason.
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Zeno
- Criticized the notion of the eternal flow of everything.
- Idealized a state of mind unaffected by Apatheia and passions.
- A-pathos (denial of passions).
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Seneca
- Late Stoic.
- Book: “On Anger”.
- Virtue is achieved by eliminating emotions such as anger with reason.
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Anti-Stoic school
- Epicurus
- Hedonism.
- Eternal pleasure is tranquility of the soul.
- Idealizes a state of tranquility of the soul, so the motto is to live in seclusion.
- Sought philosopher kingship.
- Presented a worldview that does not fear death and suppresses the disturbance of tranquility caused by the fear of death.
- Epicurus
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Christianity and Islam
- Judaism
- God beyond personality.
- It is the duty of humans to follow God’s will and law.
- The center of the law is the Ten Commandments (divine revelation message).
- Only for the Israelites (the chosen people of God).
- Old Testament.
- Christianity
- Jesus criticized the legalism and supremacy of the law in Judaism.
- For example, the Sadducees and Pharisees.
- Internalization, not just form.
- Concepts
- Agape: God’s indiscriminate love (for everyone).
- It does not mean that humans are equal, but it argues that love should be equal.
- (A bit different from world citizenship)
- It does not mean that humans are equal, but it argues that love should be equal.
- Do not judge others.
- Sin: Acts contrary to God’s will.
- ?
- Kingdom of God: A spiritual realm among people who have repented of their sins, not political.
- Love thy neighbor: Love for neighbors (all people, not just nearby ones).
- New Testament: Compilation after Jesus’ death.
- Agape: God’s indiscriminate love (for everyone).
- People
- Paul
- Preached to the Gentiles: spread to the Mediterranean world.
- Originally persecuted Jesus’ disciples but converted.
- Letter: “Epistle to the Romans” in the New Testament.
- Concept: Justification by faith.
- Jesus’ crucifixion atones for sins, and through it, people are saved from sin.
- ?
- Augustine
- The greatest church father (theoretical leader).
- Established doctrine using Platonic philosophy.
- Main work: “City of God”.
- Concept: Freedom of will that brings evil.
- Adam and Eve sinned by misusing their free will and defying God.
- Evil cannot be overcome by one’s own efforts.
- Must rely on God’s grace.
- ?
- Thomas Aquinas
- Created Scholastic philosophy.
- Harmonized faith and reason using Aristotelian philosophy.
- Calvin
- Concept: Predestination.
- Human salvation and damnation are predetermined.
- Concept: Predestination.
- Paul
- Jesus criticized the legalism and supremacy of the law in Judaism.
- Islam
- Terms
- Quran
- Establishes the five pillars (obligations).
- Declaration of faith, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, pilgrimage.
- Prayer: Prohibition of idol worship.
- Fasting: Nothing allowed during the day, not even water.
- Almsgiving: Aid to the poor.
- Pilgrimage: To Mecca once in a lifetime.
- Also establishes social systems (marriage, inheritance, etc.).
- Politics and religion are integrated.
- Obey Sharia (Islamic law) based on the Quran.
- Society should be operated based on Allah’s will.
- Establishes the five pillars (obligations).
- Ummah
- Emphasizes the community Ummah based on faith.
- Equality before God within the community.
- Operated by Islamic law.
- People of the Book
- Jews and Christians.
- Last Judgment
- Only those who have maintained the correct faith enter Heaven.
- Sects
- Sunni, Shia, etc.
- Quran
- Roles
- Terms
- Judaism
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- Successor and leader of Muhammad
- but not a prophet
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Ancient India